According to 1999 statistics, about 61 percent of adults in the United States were overweight or obese. Obesity is one of the main contributing factors associated with heart disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, high blood pressure, psychological disorders like depression, and some forms of cancer. Obesity is no longer an adult disease; its prevalence has nearly tripled among adolescents within the past two decades. There are a number of factors associated with maintaining a healthy body weight. These include genetics, body composition, environment, and physical activity and its relationship to metabolism, as well as excessive calorie intake.

GENETICS AND METABOLISM

Calorie expenditure is not completely dependent on exercise. Metabolism is an involuntary activity that affects an individual’s ability to burn calories. When you are awake and resting, calories are burned just to keep you alive; this is considered your resting energy expenditure (REE).

The REE between men and women is significantly different. A woman’s metabolism is 10-15 percent slower than a man’s because males naturally have more muscle mass, while females have a greater proportion of body fat.

In addition, hormone activity, like the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, establish overall metabolic rate. Body composition, unlike genetics, can be altered to some extent.

BODY COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM

REE naturally decreases with age because of muscle mass loss. As a result, weight loss at a younger age is easier to accomplish. In general, losing body weight from fat or muscle lowers daily REE. It should be noted that at rest fat burns approximately 1-2 calories per hour versus muscle, which burns about 30-35 calories per hour. Therefore, maintaining body weight while decreasing fat and increasing muscle will raise REE greatly.

ENVIRONMENT AND METABOLISM

The last and most modifiable factor for REE is environment. Certain stimulants can elicit a response in metabolism. Two of these that are used on a day-to-day basis are caffeine and nicotine. It has been reported in studies that two to three cups of coffee can raise REE as much as 12 percent. Cigarettes, which contain nicotine, also stimulate metabolism. People who smoke cigarettes often experience a weight gain after quitting. This may be due to a decrease in REE, as well as increased caloric consumption.

Temperature is another major environmental factor affecting metabolism. In cold environments, the combination of releasing certain hormones (i.e. adrenaline) and shivering can increase REE up to 400 percent. REE is raised in warmer environments due to increased cardiovascular activity and sweating.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND METABOLISM

As you can see from the examples above, your metabolic rate is regulated by a number of factors. Exercise, in general, will increase your metabolic rate. When you exercise your body releases stored fuels to aid in energy production. Remember, your body composition greatly affects how many calories you burn in a typical day. Therefore, the more muscle mass you have, the more calories you will burn because muscle is metabolically active. Resistance exercise is the best way to increase muscle mass, while aerobic activity is better to increase your circulatory system and strengthen your heart.

However, exercising is just one part of the picture. In order to maintain a healthy body weight, you must match your energy intake with your energy output.

EXCESSIVE CALORIE INTAKE = SUPERSIZED WAISTLINES

The average adult consumes about one million calories per year. The human body has evolved to be a highly efficient system, which is the reason why excessive caloric intake leads to weight gain. For example, if you were to eat just over 50 calories every day of your energy expenditure, you could expect to gain about five pounds of additional fat per year. This is equal to just five potato chips.

Everyone knows that fast food is not the healthiest option, yet millions of people visit fast food restaurants everyday. Although fast food is not the only way people get too many calories, it is a major contributor.

If you were to go to Wendy’s and order a Classic Single Burger Value Meal, you will probably meet half of your allotted calories for a single day, given you were an average adult on a 2000-calorie diet. One Classic Single, with all the fixings, has about 410 calories, a Biggie fry has about 470 calories, and a 22-fl. oz regular soda has about 277 calories, for a whopping total of 1157 calories. Now if you were to Biggie Size that order, the total calories would increase to about 1383 calories.

Burger King burger’s are flame broiled so does that make them healthier? Not exactly. A BK Whopper with cheese contains about 850 calories. If you ordered the Value Meal, which includes a large fry and 22 fl. oz soda, your meal total has been raised to 1630 calories. King-sizing that meal would bring the calorie total to about 1850. Going for chicken instead of beef is a healthy alternative. Yet, one chicken whopper at BK still has about 580 calories. If you add a fry and regular soda to that, you can see that you have turned that healthier option into a not-so healthy one. You can imagine the effect King-sizing this meal.

Subway has been marketing itself as a healthy alternative to other fast food chains. What they fail to tell you in the commercials, or mention in small print, is that you cannot have a regular soda, extra condiments (i.e. cheese or mayo), or a 12″ sub to consider it a low-fat or low-calorie meal. One 12″ roasted chicken breast sub has about 622 calories, without cheese or mayo. Without chips, if you added a medium 22 fl. oz regular soda to that meal, it has just been increased to 900 calories. Even worse is the signature Subway 12″ meatball sub, which has about 1000 calories.

As you can see from the examples above, fast food can really pack a calorie-punch. Value Meals and supersizing seems like a great value when you consider the cost of creating your own meal versus one suggested to you. There is nothing wrong with going to fast-food joints once in awhile. The problem lies when you frequent these places too often. I only mentioned total calories here, but I should remind you that these places not only offer a lot of calories but high amounts of total fat, particularly saturated, and cholesterol.

So what does it take to burn off a Whopper, French fries, or a sub everyday? Let me ask you this. “While you supersize those meals, are you also supersizing your exercise routine?” To burn off an average value meal (approximately 1500 calories) you could choose from any of the following activity options:

* Run 15 miles in 2 1/2 hours (10 minute/mile pace).
* Climb flights of stairs for 7 1/2 hours.
* Walking at a light to moderate pace for 10 hours.
* Drive your car for 13 1/2 hours.
* Stand up for 15 hours.

As you can see from these examples, it takes an excessive amount of activity to burn off those calories. So does this mean that you should never eat at a fast food place ever again? No.

If you were to go to these places, I would first tell you to look at the calorie content of the foods that you intend to purchase. Going to www.fatcalories.com is a great resource. Once you see the nutritional information for your meal, you may be less apt to go and order it. Also, you may also end up trying something you have never tried before, or find items that you never knew they had. Another tip would be to bring the exact change for your meal, therefore you will not be able to supersize it. Ordering diet soda is a great way to lower your meal’s calorie content. Calories do add up and despite what people may say, it does have an impact. Entering these places when extremely hungry may prompt you to order a supersized value meal, along with a dessert or two. Finally, set a goal of visiting these places only once a week or once every two weeks. When you crave a McDonald’s French fry, go eat some fruit or have a baked potato instead.

All in all, eating too many calories, while not be
ing physically active, is the two main causes of weight gain. If you eat too many calories, you must also boost your exercise routine to compensate for this. Adjustments in nutrition, exercise, and overall lifestyle are the best solution. Eat moderate amounts and adjust your day-to-day activities to reflect changes in diet. Be Healthy!

Christopher Theberge and Joseph Cannon are Collegian Columnists.